1120 Lab 26 - 27 -
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Anatomical Terms
In performing dissections it is important to become familiar with directional terms to understand the placement of various incisions made on the animals and the location of various body parts
- Directional terms:
- Important directional terms
- Anterior - toward the front (mouth end)
- Posterior - toward the rear (anal end)
- Dorsal - upper or backside - where the backbone is for vertebrates
- Ventral - underside or front - away from the backbone for vertebrates
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Other directional terms (Still Important):
- Superior - above, often used humans to replace anterior
- Inferior - below
- Proximal - near to
- Distal - far from
- Lateral - toward the side
- Medial - toward the middle
- Dividing Planes (probably won't ask these on an exam)
- Frontal Plane - divides the animal's body along its central axis into dorsal and ventral halves
- Saggittal Plane - divides the animal's body along the central axis into right and left halves
- Transverse Plane - divides the animal's body into anterior and posterior ends or, superior and inferior ends or, cranial and caudal ends (in 4-footed animals) or, cranial and pedal ends (in biped animals e.g. humans)
Body Cavities
The two major cavities of the body are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities which are separated by the diaphragm which runs transversely across the body. The diaphragm is a muscular partition that plays a major role in breathing.
- Thoracic organs to be familiar with:
- Trachea
- Larynx
- Esophagus
- Thymus gland (particularly in fetal pigs)
- Thyroid gland
- Heart - with pericardial sac
- Lungs - with pleural membranes
- Abdominopelvic organs to be familiar with:
- Liver
- Gall bladder (pigs only - rats don?t have gall bladders)
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Mesenteries
- Cecum (rats only)
- Spleen
- Kidneys
- Umbilical cord with Allentoic bladder (fetal pigs only)
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- Urogenital system of the male rat:
- Testis
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Penis
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- Urogenital system of the female rat:
- Vagina
- Uterine horns
- Ovaries
- Oviducts
PSTCC Practical Review
- A study guide before each practical will be sent via email to you from Bio1120's master teacher, Linda Smith-Stanton. Here are the items she thinks you should be familiar with:
- The directional terms (dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal).
- The use of the directional terms to describe the location of different organs. For example - the trachea is _____ to the esophagus.
- Identification of the following on a pig or rat (dissection, color illustration or model): Thoracic and neck organs - lungs, pleural membranes, heart, pericardial sac, larynx, trachea, thymus gland, thyroid gland (pig only), and esophagus.
- Digestive organs - peritoneum, mesenteries (easier to see on the rat), stomach, spleen, pyloric sphincter, cardiac sphincter, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder (pig only), cecum (easier to see on the rat), and large intestine.
- Respiratory organs - pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, and lungs.
- Urinary system organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder (rat) and allantoic bladder (pig, since it is a fetus)
- Reprodutive organs (only on the rats) - Male - testes, inguinal canal, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.
- Female - uterine horns, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes (aka oviducts or fallopian tubes).
- Remember a good way to remember where organs are would be to learn their general location - which ones are in the neck? Which one are in the chest? Which ones are in the abdominopelvic cavity (close to the diaphragm, close to the pelvis)?