Major tissues - Table 18.1

• Epidermis - Outer layer of cells in roots, stems, and leaves
• Ground tissue - Cortex and Pith in roots and stems (storage and structure), Mesophyll (photosynthesis) in leaves
• Vascular tissue - Xylem (water & mineral transport) and Phloem (organic nutrients like sugar)

Apical meristem - embryonic tissue that causes growth at the tips or roots and stems

Monocots	Eudicots
Seed One cotyledon	Two cotyledons
Root Xylem and phloem in a ring	Phloem between arms of xylem
Stem Vascular bundles scattered	Vascular bundles in a ring
leaf Veins parallel	veins in net pattern
Flower Parts in multiples of 3	Parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Roots Usually fibrous	Usually a taproot
Stems Always herbacceous	Herbacceous or Woody

Annual rings in woody stems are from old xylem. New growth of xylem and phloem comes from vascular cambium.

Leaves (Figure 18.14)

• Cuticle - waxy outer layer prevents water loss
• Epidermis - outer layer of cells on both surfaces
• Mesophyll
  • palisade - photosynthesis
  • spongy - gas exchange
• Stoma - openings that allow air to enter spongy mesophyll for gas exchange and help prevents water loss

Leaves have one petiole that connects blade to the twig. A compound leaf has the blade divided into multiple leaflets whereas a simple leaf has only one. There is usually an axillary bud where the petiole meets the twig. The axillary bud can give rise to new twigs. Know the types of compound and simple leaves

Flowers

Know the flowering plant life cycle - Figure 21.1

Know the parts of the flower in figure 21.2

Study all slides, posters, models and the samples you looked at.